Ciática

La ciática es un problema bastante frecuente sobre todo en personas de edades avanzadas, y tiene diferentes orígenes que es importante conocer en especial con el objetivo de establecer unas pautas que ayuden a prevenir su aparición. En el caso de que se desarrolle, es muy importante que el paciente se someta a un tratamiento que ayude a su recuperación, primando la fisioterapia durante el proceso.

Contenido

Qué es la ciática

Se conoce como ciática al dolor, entumecimiento, debilidad o sensación de hormigueo que se produce en la pierna, y que se debe a dos razones principales que pueden ser el pinzamiento del nervio ciático o una lesión que afecte al mismo.

Cabe destacar que la ciática se produce sobre todo en hombres con edades comprendidas entre los 30 y los 50 años.

evitar-la-ciática

Por qué se produce la ciática

Es muy importante tener en cuenta que la ciática es un dolor que no es una enfermedad en sí, sino que se produce por otra enfermedad o problema de salud, que a menudo está relacionado con problemas en la columna o en la pelvis.

Entre las causas más habituales por las que se produce en la ciática destacamos:

  • Existencia de una hernia de disco.
  • La presencia de alguna lesión en la zona de la pelvis.
  • Fractura de la pelvis.
  • Estenosis raquídea.
  • Síndrome piriforme.
  • Presencia de tumores.

Síntomas más habituales

Para poder averiguar si se trata de ciática, es importante tener en cuenta los síntomas que produce, pero en este sentido hay que tener muy presente que, dependiendo del paciente, los mismos pueden variar de forma muy considerable, yendo desde una sensación de hormigueo hasta incluso llegar a impedir la movilidad a la persona afectada.

De igual manera, el dolor y el entumecimiento también se pueden presentar en zonas diferentes como en la parte interna de la cadera o de la pierna, parte posterior de la pantorrilla e incluso en la planta del pie. En cuanto a la sensación de debilidad, generalmente afectará a toda la pierna en caso de presentarse.

Pese a las diferentes formas de presentarse según el paciente, hay determinados signos que puede ayudar a detectar la ciática que son:

  • Dolor que se presenta a horas muy específicas durante el día.
  • Aumenta el dolor a la hora de reír, toser o estornudar.
  • Se nota más dolor al cambiar de postura.
  • Cuando se realizan esfuerzos que afectan a la zona aparece el dolor.
  • También se suele notar dolor en los momentos en los que se retiene la respiración.
  • Si se camina un rato, después aparece el dolor.
  • Finalmente, también se acentúa el dolor cuando el paciente se dobla hacia atrás.
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Consejos para su prevención

Para poder prevenir la ciática, hay que tener en cuenta en primer lugar las razones por las que se está produciendo daño en el nervio.

En este sentido, algunas de las recomendaciones más efectivas son:

  • Practicar ejercicio físico con regularidad.
  • El paciente no deberá permanecer demasiado tiempo acostado o sentado.
  • Fortalecer los músculos de la espalda y los abdominales ayudan a prevenir su aparición.

Tratamiento de la ciática

Por norma general, para tratar la ciática se recurre a tratamientos farmacológicos y fisioterapéuticos.

En cuanto a los medicamentos, lo más habitual es el paracetamol y el ibuprofeno.

También suele ser beneficioso aplicar frío y calor en la zona afectada, de manera que los dos primeros días se aplicará frío, para posteriormente, los dos siguientes aplicar calor.

Además de acudir al fisioterapeuta para ejercitar la zona y fortalecer los músculos, es recomendable caminar a ser posible todos los días, o día sí y día no como mínimo.

Y por supuesto, durante los dos primeros meses no se deberá levantar ningún tipo de peso, a la vez que se evitará realizar esfuerzos para conseguir que se recupere por completo y desaparezca el dolor.

El tratamiento de la ciática se basa en aliviar el dolor y la inflamación, así como en mejorar la movilidad y la función del nervio ciático. En muchos casos, el tratamiento inicial implica medidas conservadoras, como el reposo, la aplicación de calor o frío en la zona afectada, y el uso de medicamentos antiinflamatorios no esteroideos para reducir la inflamación y el dolor.

Además, es importante mantener una buena postura y evitar actividades que puedan empeorar los síntomas de la ciática. El reposo en cama puede ser recomendado en casos severos, pero en la mayoría de los casos se recomienda mantenerse activo y realizar ejercicios de estiramiento y fortalecimiento para mejorar la condición muscular y reducir la presión sobre el nervio ciático.

En algunos casos, se puede recurrir a la fisioterapia para ayudar a aliviar los síntomas de la ciática. La terapia física puede incluir técnicas como masajes, terapia manual, ejercicios terapéuticos y modalidades físicas, como la aplicación de calor o frío, la electroterapia o la terapia de ultrasonido.

En casos más graves o cuando los síntomas no mejoran con el tratamiento conservador, se puede considerar la cirugía. La cirugía de la ciática se reserva para casos de compresión severa del nervio ciático, como una hernia de disco que no responde a otros tratamientos. La cirugía puede implicar la extracción del disco herniado o la liberación del nervio comprimido.

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