Esguince de rodilla

Se conoce como esguinces de rodilla a la lesión que se produce en uno o varios de los ligamentos que se encuentran ubicados en esta articulación. Es importante tener en cuenta que, al tratarse de una lesión a nivel de ligamento, dependiendo de si se trata de una distensión o una rotura, los tratamientos serán diferentes, pero en cualquier caso siempre se procederá a la recuperación mediante la realización de ejercicios y técnicas de fisioterapia.

Contenido

Qué es un esguince de rodilla

En la rodilla se encuentran cuatro ligamentos principales que son el ligamento colateral externo, el ligamento colateral interno, el ligamento cruzado anterior y el ligamento cruzado posterior, todos ellos necesarios para garantizar la flexibilidad y movilidad de esta articulación.

Cuando cualquiera de estos ligamentos se daña o lesiona, se conoce como esguince de rodilla.

Hay que tener en cuenta que los daños pueden ser desde un desgarro hasta una rotura completa, pasando por una distensión, y puede afectar a uno o a varios de estos ligamentos.

esguince-de-rodilla

Por qué se producen estos esguinces

Generalmente, estas lesiones o esguinces se producen cuando se flexiona o gira la rodilla mientras que el pie está bloqueado, generalmente manteniéndose firme en el suelo.

Esto hace que el movimiento que se produce dé lugar a una extensión anormal del ligamento o los ligamentos de la articulación, llegando a superar sus límites anatómicos.

Es por ello que se trata de un tipo de lesión que se produce fundamentalmente practicando deportes como el baloncesto o el fútbol.

Síntomas de los esguinces de rodilla

Existen determinados síntomas que dar a entender la posible presencia de un esguince de rodilla que son:

  • Fuerte dolor en la rodilla afectada.
  • Imposibilidad para mover la rodilla en el momento en el que se sufre la lesión.
  • Presencia de inflamación, a menudo con derrame articular.
  • Mayor rigidez y pérdida de movilidad en la rodilla.
  • Se observa inestabilidad al andar, pudiendo agravar esto la lesión.

Sin embargo, el médico deberá proceder a la realización de pruebas complementarias que incluyen radiografías, ecografías o incluso resonancias magnéticas para confirmar no sólo la presencia de un esguince de rodilla, sino también con el objetivo de determinar su gravedad.

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El tratamiento de los esguinces de rodilla

Dependiendo de la gravedad del esguince de rodilla, se procederá a un tratamiento diferente.

Desde una perspectiva general, se pueden observar dos tratamientos principales que son:

  • Tratamiento básico: es el que se utiliza en el caso de que la lesión no sea de gravedad, es decir, si se ha producido un pequeño desgarro o como mucho una pequeña distensión. En este caso es necesario aplicar hielo, elevación y compresión sobre la rodilla, así como es imprescindible el reposo. Posteriormente se procederá a realizar un tratamiento fisioterapéutico, a través del cual se fortalezcan los músculos de la rodilla, consiguiendo de este modo aumentar el soporte de la articulación, lo cual ayudará a evitar una posterior lesión de cara al futuro. Tras el tratamiento, es habitual observar con mayor profundidad el estado de la lesión para determinar si es necesario proceder a la realización de un tratamiento específico.
  • Tratamiento específico: dentro del tratamiento específico, se procederá a tratar de forma diferente la lesión en función del o los ligamentos que se hayan visto implicados. En este sentido, se puede proceder con un tratamiento básico como el indicado en el punto anterior, o incluso puede ser necesario recurrir a la cirugía.

Fisioterapia para un esguince de rodilla

La fisioterapia desempeña un papel fundamental en la recuperación de un esguince de rodilla. Los fisioterapeutas son expertos en el tratamiento de lesiones musculoesqueléticas y pueden ayudar a acelerar el proceso de curación del esguince.

Uno de los objetivos principales de la fisioterapia para el esguince de rodilla es restaurar la movilidad y la fuerza en la articulación afectada. A través de ejercicios específicos, el fisioterapeuta puede ayudar a fortalecer los músculos alrededor de la rodilla y mejorar la estabilidad de la articulación.

Además de los ejercicios de fortalecimiento, el fisioterapeuta puede utilizar otras técnicas como masajes, movilizaciones y terapia manual para aliviar el dolor y mejorar la circulación sanguínea en la zona afectada. Estas técnicas contribuyen a reducir la inflamación y acelerar la recuperación.

La rehabilitación también puede incluir el uso de agentes físicos como el calor o el frío, la electroterapia y la terapia con láser. Estos recursos pueden ayudar a aliviar el dolor, reducir la inflamación y promover la cicatrización de los tejidos lesionados.

Es importante destacar que la fisioterapia para el esguince de rodilla debe ser individualizada, teniendo en cuenta las necesidades y características de cada paciente. El fisioterapeuta diseñará un plan de tratamiento personalizado, teniendo en cuenta el grado de la lesión, la edad y nivel de actividad del paciente, entre otros factores.

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