Linfedema

El linfedema, también conocido como obstrucción linfática, es un problema que puede suponer una importante merma en la salud de las personas que lo padecen. Por ello es importante conocer todos los detalles de esta enfermedad, las causas, los síntomas y por supuesto los tratamientos a través de los cuales se puede conseguir solventar con los mejores resultados posibles.

Contenido

Qué es un linfedema

El linfedema se produce con la obstrucción linfática o bloqueo de los vasos linfáticos, lo cual impide que los líquidos fluyan, impidiendo que las células del sistema inmunitario se desplacen a lo largo del cuerpo.

Tipos de linfedemas

Existen dos tipos de linfedema que son:

  • Linfedema primario: se produce por un desarrollo anormal del sistema linfático.
  • Linfedema secundario: tiene lugar cuando existe un daño en el sistema linfático, ya sea causado por una enfermedad como puede ser el cáncer, por una lesión, por una infección o incluso por tratamientos que van desde la radioterapia a la cirugía o incluso la extracción de los ganglios.

qué-es-un-linfedema

Causas por las que se desarrolla la obstrucción linfática

Tal y como hemos podido observar en el apartado anterior, existen diferentes causas que pueden dar lugar tanto al linfedema primario como al secundario, entre las que destacan:

  • Problemas en el desarrollo del sistema linfático en los primeros años de vida.
  • Infecciones parasitarias.
  • Haber sido sometido a sesiones de radioterapia.
  • La presencia de alguna lesión que pueda haber afectado al ganglio.
  • El haber recibido algún tipo de cirugía como la propia extirpación de los ganglios linfáticos.
  • Infecciones cutáneas.
  • El desarrollo de algunos tumores.

Los síntomas más habituales

La obstrucción linfática o linfedema presenta unos síntomas muy específicos:

  • Hinchazón en los brazos.
  • Hinchazón en las piernas.
  • Ocasionalmente también se puede observar hinchazón en otras zonas del cuerpo.

Es importante tener en cuenta que este tipo de hinchazón es crónica, por lo que no desaparece en ningún momento.

En el caso de no proceder a tratar el linfedema, hay que tener en cuenta que se pueden presentar algunas complicaciones como son:

  • Ruptura de diferentes zonas de la piel.
  • Aparición de heridas de tipo crónico.
  • Desarrollo de úlceras crónicas.
  • En casos poco habituales, se puede llegar a desarrollar cáncer en el tejido linfático.

Cuáles son los mejores tratamientos para el linfedema

Para poder tratar el linfedema, se debe proceder a la realización de los siguientes ejercicios y técnicas:

  • Tratamiento de compresión mediante la utilización de vendajes o incluso sistemas de compresión neumática por medio de Fisioterapia.
  • Tratamiento de fisioterapia  con ejercicios para ampliar el movimiento y aumentar la resistencia.
  • Realización de drenaje linfático manual, otro tratamiento a realizar por el fisioterapeuta.

Además de todo lo mencionado anteriormente, en algunos casos el paciente puede precisar de algún tipo de cirugía entre las que destacan:

  • Extirpación del tejido linfático que presente un desarrollo anormal.
  • Realización de una liposucción.
  • Trasplante de tejidos, a través de los cuales se extraen tejidos linfáticos en buen estado para colocar en aquellas zonas donde no se realice un buen drenaje linfático.

Es muy importante que, en el caso de observar la presencia de síntomas que den a entender el posible desarrollo de un linfedema, el paciente contacte lo antes posible con su médico o con su fisioterapeuta de confianza, de manera que se pueda proceder a la solución con la máxima celeridad posible, ya que esto permite una mejora muy sustancial y evita la aparición de complicaciones.

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Linfedema: causas

El linfedema es una afección crónica que se produce cuando el sistema linfático no puede drenar adecuadamente la linfa, lo que provoca una acumulación de líquido en los tejidos. Existen varias causas que pueden desencadenar el linfedema, siendo una de las más comunes la cirugía de extirpación de los ganglios linfáticos, como en el caso de la mastectomía para tratar el cáncer de mama. Esta intervención puede dañar o bloquear los vasos linfáticos, impidiendo el flujo normal de la linfa y dando lugar al linfedema.

Otra causa común del linfedema es la radioterapia, un tratamiento utilizado para destruir las células cancerosas. La radioterapia puede dañar los vasos linfáticos y comprometer su capacidad para drenar la linfa, provocando una acumulación de líquido en los tejidos cercanos al área tratada. Además, algunas condiciones genéticas, como el linfedema primario, también pueden aumentar el riesgo de desarrollar esta afección.

Las infecciones también pueden desencadenar el linfedema. La presencia de bacterias o parásitos en el sistema linfático puede causar inflamación y obstrucción de los vasos linfáticos, lo que interfiere con el drenaje normal de la linfa. Enfermedades como la filariasis, que es causada por la picadura de un mosquito infectado, son una causa importante de linfedema en algunas regiones del mundo.

Además de estas causas, hay otros factores que pueden aumentar el riesgo de desarrollar linfedema. La obesidad, el sedentarismo, la falta de ejercicio físico, el traumatismo o la presión prolongada sobre los tejidos también pueden contribuir al desarrollo de esta afección. Es importante tener en cuenta que el linfedema puede presentarse inmediatamente después de la cirugía o el tratamiento, o puede aparecer años más tarde, por lo que es fundamental estar atentos a los síntomas y recibir un diagnóstico temprano para poder iniciar el tratamiento adecuado.

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